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KUAI TRAMADOL 200MG X 20 TABLETS TRAMAL ONLINE | Abstract No ke kuai | MUSHROOMIFI.

Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kēia kolamu e hoʻomau nei i ka pilina lapaʻau paʻakikī ma waena o ka psychiatry a me ka mālama mua - ʻelua mau kahua i pili ʻole ʻia. E kūʻai iā Tramadol 200mg ma ka pūnaewele ma Australia

Tramadol (Ultram^®) he analgesic maʻamau i kuhikuhi ʻia no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka addiction a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palekana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā opiates ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau hopena koʻikoʻi e hiki mai ana me ka tramadol—seizures and serotonin syndrome. Hiki ke ulu kēia mau ʻano ʻino ʻelua i ka wā o ka tramadol monotherapy, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka puka ʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻohana hewa ʻana/overdose a me ka hoʻohana pū ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka antidepressants. Ma kēia ʻatikala, nānā mākou i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka tramadol, ka hopu ʻana, a me ka maʻi serotonin. He pili pono kēia ʻāpana pharmacologic i nā psychiatrists a me nā kauka mālama mua. E kūʻai iā Tramadol 200mg ma ka pūnaewele ma Australia

Keywords: tramadol, analgesic, opiate, seizure, serotonin syndrome, antidepressant, polypharmacy, psychiatrist-physician interface

E hele:

Introduction

Wahi a Miller et al,¹ Hoʻopilikia ka ʻeha maʻi i ka heluna nui o nā maʻi maʻi ʻAmelika a loaʻa i nā piliona kālā i nā hoʻolimalima mālama ola makahiki. Ma Australia, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻeha mau loa i manaʻo ʻia he $34 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki.² Hāʻawi ʻia i nā koho narcotic no ka mālama ʻana, tramadol (Ultram^®) he poka pharmacological kū hoʻokahi i ka hakakā ʻana i ka ʻeha mau. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i kona kaulana, ʻo nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi no ka tramadol ma Kanada ua hiki i kahi kokoke i 26 miliona i ka makahiki 2006, e hōʻike ana i ka huina kūʻai he $800 miliona.³ Ma kēia paʻi o The Interface, kūkākūkā mākou i ʻelua mau hanana ʻino e pili ana i kēia analgesic maʻamau i kuhikuhi ʻia-seizures and serotonin syndrome. E kūʻai iā Tramadol 200mg ma ka pūnaewele ma Australia

E hele:

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o Tramadol

ʻO Tramadol kahi lāʻau analgesic kahi analogue synthetic o codeine. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā opiates ʻē aʻe, kaulana ʻo tramadol no ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana hoʻomāinoino a emi ʻole ka hanu kaumaha.⁴ Ma ke ʻano o nā hopena neurotransmitter kikoʻī, ma ka pae waena, ʻo tramadol kahi agonist receptor mu-opioid. ʻO ka pili o ka tramadol no nā mea loaʻa mu-opioid (ka hopena analgesic) he 10-fold ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka codeine. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka metabolite ikaika o tramadol, o-desmethyltramadol, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilina (a hiki i ka 200-fold) ma mua o ka pūhui makua. Ma waho aʻe o kāna mau hopena koʻikoʻi ma luna o nā mea loaʻa mu, ma ka pae peripheral, ke kāohi nei ka tramadol i ka serotonin a me ka norepinephrine reuptake. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau hopena hope i ka analgesia, akā hiki ke helu i kekahi o nā waiwai ʻino o ka lāʻau. E kūʻai iā Tramadol 200mg ma ka pūnaewele ma Australia

Wahi a Reeves lāua ʻo Cox,⁵ maikaʻi He nui nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka venlafaxine, me nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka serotonergic/noradrenergic reuptake inhibition. E like me kēia manaʻo, ʻo Yalcin et al⁶ e wehewehe i ka tramadol he mau hopena antidepressant. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chromatography wai e ʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka tramadol i loko o ka mimi, hiki i ka venlafaxine ke kumu i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.⁷

E hele:

Nā Maukino Drug

Hōʻike ʻo Tramadol i kahi helu nui o nā pilina lāʻau. No ka laʻana, ma kahi aʻo ʻana o ka poʻe kahiko o Australia, ʻo Roughhead et al⁸ ua nānā i nā pilina lāʻau ʻino ma 46,859 mau mea e lawe ana i nā antidepressants. ʻO ka 8.1 pakeneka ka mea i ʻike i kēia mau pilina, ʻo tramadol ka lāʻau i hoʻopili pinepine ʻia (3.6%). E kūʻai iā Tramadol 200mg ma ka pūnaewele ma Australia

ʻO kēia mau pilina like ʻole, hiki i ka tramadol ke hoʻoulu i ʻelua mau hanana koʻikoʻi-ka hopu a me ka maʻi serotonin. Hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia kēia i ka wā o ka tramadol monotherapy a i ʻole ma ka maʻamau a i ʻole ka nui o ka nui, akā i ka wā o ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o tramadol me nā antidepressants. ʻO(Papa 11 a ʻOa me22).^4,9 (Ma waho aʻe o nā antidepressants, hiki i ka tramadol ke launa pū me kekahi mau lāʻau psychotropic ʻē aʻe me nā antipsychotics a me nā anticonvulsants.) E kūʻai iā Tramadol 200mg ma ka pūnaewele ma Australia.